Stream trees: a statistical method for mapping genetic differences between populations of freshwater organisms to the sections of streams that connect them
نویسندگان
چکیده
Statistical approaches for studying the spatial distribution of genetic diversity that assume that organisms move through a two-dimensional landscape are not well suited to study populations of freshwater fish. We present a new statistical method for mapping genetic differences among populations of freshwater fish to the sections of streams that connect them. The method is useful for freshwater species that can only disperse through stream corridors and for other species that live in habitats for which there is one, and only one, corridor connecting each pair of populations (e.g., alpine organisms confined to ridge tops). The model is a simple extension of the least-squares method for constructing evolutionary trees. In this model, the genetic distances between populations are modeled as a sum of genetic distances mapped onto landscape features (e.g., stream sections). Analysis of simulated data shows that the method produces useful results with realistic amounts of data. The model was fit to empirical microsatellite data from four metapopulations of freshwater fish and showed an excellent fit in three out of four cases. Software to perform the necessary calculations is available from the authors at www.montana.edu/kalinowski. Résumé : Les méthodologies statistiques pour l’étude la répartition spatiale de la diversité génétique qui présupposent que les organismes se déplacent dans un paysage bidimensionnel ne conviennent pas bien à l’étude démographique des poissons d’eau douce. Nous présentons une nouvelle méthode statistique pour cartographier les différences génétiques entre des populations de poissons d’eau douce en relation avec les cours d’eau qui les relient. Cette méthode est utile pour les espèces d’eau douce qui ne peuvent se disperser que par des corridors formés par des cours d’eau et pour les autres espèces pour lesquelles il existe un, et un seul, corridor reliant chaque paire de populations (par ex., les organismes alpins confinés aux sommets des crêtes). Le modèle est une simple extension de la méthode des moindres carrés utilisée pour construire des arbres phylogénétiques. Dans ce modèle, les distances génétiques entre les populations sont représentées comme la somme des distances génétiques cartographiées sur des éléments du paysage (par ex., des sections de cours d’eau). L’analyse de données simulées montre que la méthode fournit des résultats utiles avec un nombre réaliste de données. Nous avons ajusté le modèle à des données empiriques sur les microsatellites dans quatre métapopulations de poissons d’eau douce et obtenu un excellent ajustement dans trois des quatre cas. On peut obtenir des auteurs le logiciel pour réaliser les calculs nécessaires à www.montana.edu/kalinowski. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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